PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN Official name: Furstentum Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein) Location: Western Europe International organisations: The Council of Europe, The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, The United Nations, The World Trade Organisation Borders: Austria, Switzerland Coastline: None Land area: 160 Km2 Population: 33,000 Ethnicity: Virtually the entire population is of German ethnicity. Languages: German is the official language and is universally used. Religion: Most of the population are at least nominal Catholic Christians.

Form of government: Monarchy. Liechtenstein is divided into 11 communes. For electoral purposes it is divided into two regions.
Capital: Vaduz
Constitution: The Constitution of Liechtenstein came into effect on 5 October 1921. It was substantially amended in 2003.
Head of state: Prince Hans-Adam II assumed the throne on 13 November 1989.
Head of government: The Head of Government (Regierungschef), appointed by the Prince. The amendments to the constitution in 2003 make the Prince the effective ruler of Liechtenstein.
Legislature: Liechtenstein has a unicameral legislature, the Assembly (Landtag), which has 25 members elected for four-year terms by proportional representation from two multi-member districts.
Electoral authority: The government administers national elections
Freedom House rating: Political Rights 1, Civil Liberties 1 (This rating was issued before the constitutional revisions of 2003)

Political history

The County of Vaduz was part of the Holy Roman Empire and was bought by Prince Johann Adam Andreas of Liechtenstein (the name of a castle near Vienna) in 1699. He was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor Karl VI as Prince of Liechtenstein in 1719. Liechtenstein became a sovereign state in 1806 when the Empire was dissolved. Its independence was confirmed in the settlement of 1815. In 1862 a new Constitution was promulgated, which provided for an elected Landtage. In 1918 Liechtenstein formed a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. In 1919 Liechtenstein entrusted its external relations to neutral Switzerland. In 1938 Prince Franz Josef II became the first Prince to actually live in Liechtenstein.

In March 2003 the voters of Liechtenstein approved a referendum was giving Prince Hans-Adam the right to dismiss governments, dismiss individual ministers, make judicial apointments and veto laws. The referendum also precludes any further amendments to the constitution without the Prince's approval unless the monarchy is abolished, and abolished the jurisdiction of the courts over constitutional matters. This amounted to a decisive shift of power from the legislature to the Prince, and means that Liechtenstein has in effect ceased to be a democracy.

Liechtenstein politics are dominated by two conservative parties, the Progressive Citizens' Party in Liechtenstein (FBL) and the Patriotic Union (VU). The only non-conservative voice in Liechtenstein politics is the Free List, a minor Green party.