KINGDOM OF BELGIUM Official name: Koninkrijk België / Royaume de Belgique / Königreich Belgien (Kingdom of Belgium) Location: Western Europe International organisations: The Council of Europe, The European Union, The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, The United Nations, The Western European Union, The World Trade Organisation Borders: France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands

Coastline: North Sea
Land area: 30,510 Km2
Population: 10,200,000
Ethnicity: Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%. There is a small German minority in the eastern border area.
Languages: Dutch, French and German are the official languages. (The language spoken in Flanders is identical to Dutch and is officially called Dutch, but some people in Flanders prefer to call it Flemish.) The French-speakers are usually called Walloons, a word related to "Gaul." English is widely understood.
Religion: Over 70% of Belgians are at least nominal Catholic Christians, but religious practice has declined radically. There are small Protestant, Jewish and Moslem minorities.
Form of government: Constitutional monarchy and federal parliamentary democracy. Belgium is divided into ten provinces. These are grouped into three regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels), which have their own legislatures and substantial autonomy. In addition Belgium is divided into three Communities (Flemish, Walloon and German), which have jurisdiction over some cultural matters.

Capital: Brussels (Bruxelles, Brussel) Constitution: The current Belgian Constitution came into effect on 14 July 1993 Head of state: King Albert II assumed the throne on 9 August 1993. Head of government: The Prime Minister, appointed by the King. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority coalition in the legislature (though sometimes not actually a party leader), and is accountable to it.

Legislature: Belgium has a bicameral legislature, the Federal Parliament (Federale Parlement / Parlement Fédérale / Föderales Parlament). The Chamber of People's Representatives (Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers / Chambre des Représentants / Abgeordnetenkammer) has 150 members, elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. The Senate (Senaat / Sénat / Senat) has 71 members. Forty members are elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. These then elect another 31.
Electoral authority: The Belgian Interior Ministry administers national elections.
Freedom House 2005 rating: Political Rights 1, Civil Liberties 1

Political history

Most of the lands which now constitute Belgium were acquired by the Spanish Habsburgs in the early 16th century. When the northern Netherlands became independent, the southern regions remained under Spanish, and later Austrian, Habsburg rule until 1794, when they were incorporated into the French empire. In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo outside Brussels, the area became part of a united Kingdom of the Netherlands under the Dutch king.

A scene from the Belgian revolution of 1830, by Gustav Wappers

In 1830 the Belgians rebelled against rule by the Protestant Dutch, and the Kingdom of Belgium was created, with Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as king. The neutrality of Belgium was guaranteed by all the powers. It was Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality in 1914 that brought Britain and France into the First World War. Belgium was again occupied by the Germans in 1940-45.

After the Second World War Belgium abandoned its neutrality, and became an enthusiast for both the Atlantic Alliance and European unity. The headquarters of both NATO and EU are located in Brussels. At the same time, the unity of the Belgian state has been weakened by both Flemish and Walloon parochialism, and in 1993 a new federal Constitution was adopted, devolving most domestic legislative power to Flemish and Walloon parliaments. Brussels, which is a bilingual city, became a separate region.

Belgian politics, historically based on class lines, are now also arranged on linguistic lines. Thus, there is a Flemish Socialist Party Alternative and a Walloon Socialist Party, a Flemish liberal party, the Flemish Liberals and Democrats, and a Walloon liberal party, the Liberal Reformist Party, a Flemish Christian-democrat party, the Christian-Democratic and Flemish Party, and a Walloon Christian-democrat party, the Democratic Humanist Centre. There are even Flemish and Walloon Green parties: Agalev and Ecolo respectively.

There are also rival ethnic-chauvinist parties, the Flemish Block and the Walloon National Front. The Flemish Block advocates the dismemberment of Belgium as well as the exclusion of immigrants. All this, combined with Belgium's system of proportional representation, makes forming Belgian governments very difficult.